Quality practices have traditionally influenced product design, development, testing, and certification. Developing dependable products and services has been made more challenging by the rapid growth of various electronics and software technologies in the automotive, aerospace, and industrial industries, among others.

The complexity of the hardware is growing, and the amount of executing code is getting bigger every day. Analysis of these products’ failure data prompted thoughtful safety and security considerations. Risk-based thinking is the core of safety and security procedures, which is closely associated with systems engineering principles